Islamic vs Conventional Economics - Why different definitions?

In the earlier part of the discussion, we have discussed briefly on the definition of Islamic economics. Apparently, from those definitions, there are some disagreements on basic elements in the definition of economics as given in the standard conventional textbooks.

Basically, economics is defined as a social science that studies how human beings use the limited resources to satisfy his unlimited wants. Disagreement exists when among the Muslim scholars; there are few opinions on the concept of scarcity (limited resources).

On one side, there are those who reject the idea of scarcity, claiming that scarcity is non-existence. They believe that Allah has created resources in abundance as mentioned in al-Qur’an in 4:100, 27:16, 108:1 – just to mention few. On the other side, there are scholars who accept the concept of scarcity and argue that economics as a discipline cannot exist without this concept.

In between of these two opinions, there are scholars who argue that scarcity only exists in term of availability but there is no scarcity in term of existence. To put it differently, there is no absolute scarcity since Allah has provided everything in abundance (existence of resourceful world for mankind to live) and with due proportion (65:3). Scarcity, according to the argument, is a relative concept where one could argue that at certain time and at a certain place, there might be a problem of scarcity of certain resources. However, Allah has equipped mankind with knowledge that would enable him to overcome the problem. Knowledge, therefore, is the key to make the resources available for our utilization.

Apart from disagreements on the concept of scarcity, the idea of unlimited wants is also being reviewed critically by Muslim economists. As a Muslim, do we admit that our wants are unlimited? Is the concept of unlimited want and insatiable desire the same?

I would argue that the two are different. As a Muslim, first, I found that it is hard to accept the idea of unlimited wants. The logic is simple - given the limitations and weaknesses that we have to face in this life, automatically our wants are constrained by many factors. For example, if you like someone and want to marry him or her, there are possibilities that the person my reject you or already married.

Second, if we grouped our wants, we could have groupings such as shelter, food, cloth, transportation, entertainment, safety, recognition, and many more. However, the list could not be that long and at certain stage, we might scratch our head to think of what else do we want. From such groupings, the degree of wants could differ and this is where I would agree that wants are actually insatiable. Desire for more is always there in human nature and this is also mentioned in the meaning of a hadith: “If man had two valleys of gold, he will seek a third” (Bukhari).

For instance, when a person is poor, he might live in a small house. But, when he is richer, he wants a bigger house. In the end, the crux is to have a shelter and due to insatiable wants, degree for a better shelter would always exist in mankind.

As we had discussed earlier, shari’ah limits our freedom. As a Muslim, we must follow the shari’ah. The worships that we perform as a Muslim trained us to curb our desire and to channel it according to the will of God.

Hence, because of these disagreements on the basic elements of economics, Muslim economists have various ways to define Islamic economics